Tnpsc and Upsc Notes Pdf
Irrigation is a method of providing water to crops by artificial methods. India is not only hot, there is seasonal and irregular rainfall. To address these problems irrigation is important. Cultivation of annual crops continued high temperature, hydrophytes crops, porous soil, and commercial farming make irrigation essential. Sources of irrigation in India The methods of … Read more
Salinity distribution of ocean water Every water in nature has dissolved mineral salts in it. Salinity is defined as the amount of salt in grams dissolved in 1 kg of seawater and it is usually expressed in Part Per Thousand (PPT). The salinity of 24.7 PPT is considered as the upper limit to mark ‘brackish … Read more
Types of soil in India with states & Soil distribution in India Andhra Pradesh Red Soil is 66% of the cultivated area and presents mostly in Rayalaseema districts. Black Soil covers almost 25%, it is present in the coastal district and part of Rayalaseema and Telangana. Alluvial loamy clay soil covers 5% of the cultivated … Read more
Mid Oceanic Ridge It is made of two chains of mountains that are separated by a large depression. It has peaked as high as 2500m and some even reach above the ocean surface. Ex: Iceland is part of the mid-ocean ridge. Mid oceanic ridge formation It occurs along the divergent plant boundaries when a new … Read more
Tropical thorn forest in India It is a type of desert forest type which has scrub-like vegetation. Their trees and plant are armed with thorns and spines. These forests are found in the region where the rainfall is less than 50cm annually. The tree and plants in these regions have long roots that penetrate deep … Read more
Standard meridian of India India’s standard meridian is chosen as 82°30′ E. This is called the ‘Standard Meridean’ of India‘. India is a large country, that lies entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. India extends between latitudes 8°4’N and 37°6’N and longitudes 68°7’E and 97°25’E. The Tropic of Cancer (23° 30’N) divides India into almost two … Read more
Earthquake Waves Earthquake Waves are or seismic waves are the vibrations generated by an earthquake or similar energetic sources such as explosions. These are propagated within the Earth or along its surface. All the earthquakes take place in the Lithosphere. A seismograph device records the waves that reach the surface. Earthquake waves are of two … Read more
Erosion is the acquisition and transportation of rock debris. When the massive rocks break into smaller fragments due to weathering and other processes, the geomorphic agents like water, glaciers, wind, waves etc remove and transport these rock debris to other places. Types of erosion Water Erosion – It is the removal of soil by water … Read more
Karaiyar dam also called Papanasam Dam which is located 49 Km from Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. It is situated in the South of Western Ghat of India. Karaiyar dam is one of the seven major dams in the Kalalkad-Mandantharai reserve area. This area is one of the 18 biodiversity hotspots in the world. Karaiyar dam crocodiles … Read more
The endogenic and exogenic forces cause physical stresses and other chemical actions on the earth’s materials and bring changes to the surface of the earth. This is known as the Geomorphic process. Endogenic and Exogenic forces The Endogenic processes are diastrophism and volcanism and the exogenic process is Weathering, mass wasting, erosion, oxidation, reduction, hydration … Read more